1,892 research outputs found
Kaon condensation at finite temperature
A new formulation is presented to treat thermal fluctuations around the kaon
condensate, based on chiral symmetry. Separating the zero mode from the
beginning we perform the imaginary-time path integral to the one loop to get
the thermodynamic potential at finite temperature. The role of the Goldstone
mode in the kaon condensed phase is elucidated in relation to the equation of
state.Comment: 14 pages, 2 postscript figures, Phys. Lett. B(1998) in pres
Inhalation Exposures to Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide during Ethiopian Coffee Ceremonies in Addis Ababa: A Pilot Study
The unique Ethiopian cultural tradition of the coffee ceremony increases inhalation exposures to combustion byproducts. This pilot study evaluated exposures to particulate matter and carbon monoxide in ten Addis Ababa homes during coffee ceremonies. For coffee preparers the geometric mean (57âÎŒg/m3) and median (72âÎŒg/m3) contributions to an increase in a 24-hour time-weighted average exposure were above World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. At 40% of the study sites the contribution to the 24-hour average exposure was greater than twice the WHO guideline. Similar exposure increases existed for ceremony participants. Particulate matter concentrations may be related to the use of incense during the ceremony. In nearly all homes the WHO guideline for a 60-minute exposure to carbon monoxide was exceeded. Finding control measures to reduce these exposures will be challenging due to the deeply engrained nature of this cultural practice and the lack of availability of alternative fuels
On the minimum and maximum mass of neutron stars and the delayed collapse
The minimum and maximum mass of protoneutron stars and neutron stars are
investigated. The hot dense matter is described by relativistic (including
hyperons) and non-relativistic equations of state. We show that the minimum
mass ( 0.88 - 1.28 M_{\sun}) of a neutron star is determined by the
earliest stage of its evolution and is nearly unaffected by the presence of
hyperons. The maximum mass of a neutron star is limited by the protoneutron
star or hot neutron star stage. Further we find that the delayed collapse of a
neutron star into a black hole during deleptonization is not only possible for
equations of state with softening components, as for instance, hyperons, meson
condensates etc., but also for neutron stars with a pure nucleonic-leptonic
equation of state.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, using EDP Siences Latex A&A style, to be
published in A&
Making waves in education
Making Waves in Education is a book of a collaborative nature, being a collection of chapters written by undergraduates studying B.A. Hons in Education at the Universities of Plymouth and York. Thirteen chapters, each from a different student, cover topics from learning theories to sex education, home education and autism. The chapters are well-organised and written, and they cover key topics in an accessible and thoughtful way. The chapters are generally well - referenced and present critical and balanced arguments. Many use hard statistics in an effective way to back up their points and all include bibliographies as indeed one expects from a serious publication. The collection therefore addresses itself to a wide readership of anyone interested in education, and students and teachers/trainers in HE in particula
Microscopic study of neutrino trapping in hyperon stars
Employing the most recent parametrization of the baryon-baryon interaction of
the Nijmegen group, we investigate, in the framework of the
Brueckner--Bethe--Goldstone many-body theory at zero temperature, the influence
of neutrino trapping on the composition, equation of state, and structure of
neutron stars, relevant to describe the physical conditions of a neutron star
immediately after birth (protoneutron star). We find that the presence of
neutrinos changes significantly the composition of matter delaying the
appearance of hyperons and making the equation of state stiffer. We explore the
consequences of neutrino trapping on the early evolution of a neutron star and
on the nature of the final compact remnant left by the supernova explosion.Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics, 399, 687-693 (2003
Neutrino Rates in Color Flavor Locked Quark Matter
We study the weak interaction rates involving Goldstone bosons in the Color
Flavor Locked (CFL) quark matter. Neutrino mean free path and the rate of
energy loss due to neutrino emission in a thermal plasma of CFL pions and kaons
is calculated. We find that in addition to neutrino scattering off thermal
mesons, novel Cherenkov like processes wherein mesons are either emitted or
absorbed contribute to the neutrino opacity. Lack of Lorentz invariance in the
medium and loss of rotational invariance for processes involving mesons moving
relative to the medium allow for novel processes such as and . We explore and comment on various
astrophysical implications of our finding.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figure
Dileptons and Direct Photons at SPS
The study of dilepton and direct photon emission was one of the main topics
of the experimental program at the SPS devoted to the search of signals for QGP
formation. Three generations of experiments, Helios-3, NA38/NA50, CERES and
NA60 measured e+e- or mu+mu- production in various colliding systems and at
different energies. While lepton pair production in p-A collisions was found to
be reasonably well described by the expected sources, all experiments observed
in nuclear collisions an excess of the yield above the extrapolation from p-A.
As a result of this joint experimental effort we have currently a large amount
of information characterizing this excess: its mass spectrum over the full
range from 0.2 GeV/c^2 up to the J/psi, its transverse momentum spectra
including their mass dependence, its angular distributions, its dependence on
collision centrality over the complete range etc. Putting together all this
information leads to the conclusion that what we observe is the long-sought
thermal radiation from the fireball.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures - To appear in the conference proceedings for
Quark Matter 2009, March 30 - April 4, Knoxville, Tennesse
Kaon Zero-Point Fluctuations in Neutron Star Matter
We investigate the contribution of zero-point motion, arising from
fluctuations in kaon modes, to the ground state properties of neutron star
matter containing a Bose condensate of kaons. The zero-point energy is derived
via the thermodynamic partition function, by integrating out fluctuations for
an arbitrary value of the condensate field. It is shown that the vacuum
counterterms of the chiral Lagrangian ensure the cancellation of divergences
dependent on , the charge chemical potential, which may be regarded as an
external vector potential. The total grand potential, consisting of the
tree-level potential, the zero-point contribution, and the counterterm
potential, is extremized to yield a locally charge neutral, beta-equilibrated
and minimum energy ground state. In some regions of parameter space we
encounter the well-known problem of a complex effective potential. Where the
potential is real and solutions can be obtained, the contributions from
fluctuations are found to be small in comparison with tree-level contributions.Comment: 40 pages RevTeX, 3 epsf figure
Neutrino Interactions in Hot and Dense Matter
We study the charged and neutral current weak interaction rates relevant for
the determination of neutrino opacities in dense matter found in supernovae and
neutron stars. We establish an efficient formalism for calculating differential
cross sections and mean free paths for interacting, asymmetric nuclear matter
at arbitrary degeneracy. The formalism is valid for both charged and neutral
current reactions. Strong interaction corrections are incorporated through the
in-medium single particle energies at the relevant density and temperature. The
effects of strong interactions on the weak interaction rates are investigated
using both potential and effective field-theoretical models of matter. We
investigate the relative importance of charged and neutral currents for
different astrophysical situations, and also examine the influence of
strangeness-bearing hyperons. Our findings show that the mean free paths are
significantly altered by the effects of strong interactions and the
multi-component nature of dense matter. The opacities are then discussed in the
context of the evolution of the core of a protoneutron star.Comment: 41 pages, 25 figure
Negative Kaons in Dense Baryonic Matter
Kaon polarization operator in dense baryonic matter of arbitrary isotopic
composition is calculated including s- and p-wave kaon-baryon interactions. The
regular part of the polarization operator is extracted from the realistic
kaon-nucleon interaction based on the chiral and 1/N_c expansion. Contributions
of the Lambda(1116), Sigma(1195), Sigma*(1385) resonances are taken explicitly
into account in the pole and regular terms with inclusion of mean-field
potentials. The baryon-baryon correlations are incorporated and fluctuation
contributions are estimated. Results are applied for K- in neutron star matter.
Within our model a second-order phase transition to the s-wave K- condensate
state occurs at rho_c \gsim 4 \rho_0 once the baryon-baryon correlations are
included. We show that the second-order phase transition to the p-wave
condensate state may occur at densities in
dependence on the parameter choice. We demonstrate that a first-order phase
transition to a proton-enriched (approximately isospin-symmetric) nucleon
matter with a p-wave K- condensate can occur at smaller densities, \rho\lsim 2
\rho_0. The transition is accompanied by the suppression of hyperon
concentrations.Comment: 41 pages, 24 figures, revtex4 styl
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